Tarea 09.rar
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.. Técnica de Chelyabinsk en Rusia cuando, interesado por comprender como funcionaban los algoritmos de compresión, empezó a programar el RAR. Preocupado por mejorar los algoritmos existentes hizo sus primeros intentos sin demasiado exito en 1991, cuando estudiaba el segundo curso. Un año más tarde reemprendio la tarea y a principios del 1993 ya tenia lista la primera versión ...
While Alma and her coworkers wereplanting, other workers, including children as young as eight, cut sugarcane onfields that had been planted the previous year.Carlos T., an eleven-year-old in Sonsonate, described the work he didduring the harvest.\"I grab the cane,cut it; grab it, cut it.I use a chumpa,\" a small knife.He began cutting cane when he was nine.\"Last year was the second year I worked,\" hesaid.\"I would leave the house at 5a.m.\"The fields were spread out over alarge area.\"When it was far away, wewould go by bus; when it was close, we would walk.If we only had one tarea, we would finish early.We could do three.\"Literally\"work\" or \"job,\" a tarea in thesugarcane harvest is an area of land that contains approximately two tons ofsugarcane.
Carlos worked with hisfather.As far as the owners of theplantations are concerned, he and many of the other children who cut cane are\"helpers,\" not employees.\"They didn'tpay me; they paid my father,\" he told us.\"There are many children working with their fathers.\"[2]Characterizing the youngest children as\"helpers\" is convenient for employers-the minimum working age is fourteen in El Salvador,and both the labor code and international law forbid the employment of anychild under eighteen in harmful or hazardous labor.We asked seventeen-year-old Moises B. if theforemen know the ages of their workers.\"When people share the tareathey give you, then, yes, they know,\" he said, telling us that plantationforemen know that some workers are under the legal working age.\"Age doesn't matter to them.What matters is the work that a person can do.\"[3]
Workers usually cut one or more tareas, depending on their age and theamount of work available.\"The amountdepends.I received one tarea when I was fourteen.It took me about three hours to cut.Now, sometimes I get one tarea, sometimes two,\" said Nelson R., now twenty-two yearsold.He told Human Rights Watch that itnow takes him between two and three hours to finish his work.\"It depends on how thick the cane is in thefield.\"[48]As with Carlos T., the eleven-year-oldprofiled in the summary, it is common for younger children to share one or moretareas with an adult or anotherchild.
Asked at what age children startworking, Juan Luis B. pointed to his six-year-old brother, saying \"If we wantedto take him, then we could.\"When aHuman Rights Watch researcher asked him whether boys work in the fields at agesix, he said, \"Yes, a lot of kids go at this age.\"Now twenty, Juan Luis B. began working in thecane fields at age fifteen.[53]We heard similar comments in otherinterviews.David F., fourteen, told ushe began cutting cane when he was six years old.\"I began to help my father,\" he said.\"He let me work on a little piece of afurrow.\"Now he shares a tarea with fourteen-year-old Manny C.,who is also fourteen.[54]A teacher in a community north of San Salvador told HumanRights Watch, \"I have children as young as eight who tell me that they aregoing to work in the zafra.\"[55]
When IPEC examined child labor inEl Salvador'ssugarcane fields, it found that wages were generally between $3.20 and $3.26per tarea, with higher wages in SanMiguel, averaging $3.43 per tarea.[127]Most of the children and adults weinterviewed told us that the pay was in this range, with some variation.[128]
It is common for a younger childto share a tarea with an adult oranother child.When two workers share a tarea, only one is listed on theemployment rolls and is paid directly.For example, Manny C., fourteen, told Human Rights Watch, \"I normally doone tarea.I work with a friend I have.He's fourteen.He receives the pay, and then we splitit.The owner knows that the two of usare working.He comes [to the fields] tosee the workers.He knows how many of usare kids.He's the one who gives us thework we have to do.\"[129]
Children who share a tarea with another worker usually dividethe pay, but that is not always the case.Pedro M., the twelve-year-old who worked during the 2001-2002 harvest,shared two tareas with an adult wholived nearby.\"I helped him, andsometimes he gave me something,\" he told Human Rights Watch.\"Sometimes he gave me half the pay, sometimesno.\"[130]
Those who are not listed on theemployment rolls do not receive anything if they are injured on the job.When we asked David whether Manny C., thefourteen-year-old friend who shares the tareawith him, would get paid if he was injured, David said, \"If someone is ahelper, no.So with [Manny], theywouldn't pay him anything because he's the helper.They only pay the listed worker.\"[135]We heard the same from an adult worker inCuscatln.\"They pay half the wages whensomebody is injured,\" the worker told Human Rights Watch.\"But if it's a helper, he receives nothing.\"[136]
\"The owners of the cane fieldstell us if they want workers.We go toLa Cabaa, in front of the mill, and the owners of the cane fieldsare there.We form a line, and they take us,\" Nelson R.said.He told Human Rights Watch thatchildren under the age of fourteen lined up with the other workers.\"If they can cut a tarea, they can work.Ifthey can't cut a tarea, the ownersdon't give them work,\" he said, telling us that he knows two thirteen-year-oldswho were part of his cuadrilla.[246]
The smaller youths are regardedas helpers, but youths are listed as workers and paid directly \"if they'rebigger-twelve, thirteen, or fourteen-when they can cut a tarea,\" the teacher told Human Rights Watch.[247]Fourteen-year-old Manny C., fifteen-year-oldAlex Q., and seventeen-year-old Moises B. each told Human Rights Watch thatthey had been hired in front of the mill for a day's or week's work.[248]
[128] HumanRights Watch interviews with Luis R., Department of San Miguel, February 12,2003 (wages of $2.86 per tarea);Johnston S., Department of San Miguel, February 12, 2003 ($3 per tarea); Pablo N., Department of LaLibertad, February 19, 2003 ($3.20 per tarea);Jimmy D., Department of La Libertad, February 19, 2003 (same); Manny C.,Department of San Salvador, February 13, 2003 (same); JavierR., Department of San Salvador, February 13, 2003 ($3.26 per tarea); Flix Velsquez, Comit deReconstruccin y Desarrollo Econmico-Social de Comunidades de Suchitoto, Suchitoto,Cuscatln, February 17, 2003 (telling us that cooperatives in the Department ofCuscatln paid $3.31 per tarea);Miguel G., Department of La Libertad, February 19, 2003 ($3.43 per tarea). 59ce067264
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