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An improved calibration method of respiratory effort belts is presented in this paper. It is based on an optimally trained FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter bank constructed as a MISO system (Multiple-Input Single-Output) between respiratory effort belt signals and the spirometer in order to reduce waveform errors. Ten healthy adult volunteers were recruited. Breathing was varied between the following styles: metronome-guided controlled breathing rate of 0.1 Hz, 0.15 Hz, 0.25 Hz and 0.33 Hz, and a free rate that was felt normal by each subject. Body position was varied between supine, sitting and standing. The proposed calibration method was tested against these variations and compared with the state-of-the-art methods from the literature.
Here, we present an improved calibration method of respiratory effort belts which is an extension to the multiple linear regression method with two predictor variables: rib cage and abdominal respiratory effort belt signals. The method is based purely on the belt signals and does not use any other information source for calibration. In this study, we concentrate on challenging situations where the breathing style or body position changes. We assessed changing breathing styles, including metronome guided breathing, free breathing in different body positions, free breathing in dynamically changing body positions, and thoracoabdominal asynchrony with metronome guided breathing. The proposed method was compared with two reference methods: the standard multiple linear regression method and with a recent method of Liu et al.[24]. The performance was assessed, firstly, using a subject-specific approach, where the method was trained and tested for each subject separately, and secondly, using a subject-independent approach in which all data, expect that of a test subject, were used for model training.
In the following subsections, the subject-specific approach is used unless otherwise stated in the subtitles. The proposed method was evaluated with different breathing styles and body positions. In accordance with that, the results were divided in the following subsections: (1) free breathing with unchanged body positions (sitting, supine); (2) metronome guided different breathing styles in sitting position; (3) subject-independent model with free breathing and metronome guided breathing in sitting position; (4) free breathing in different body positions (sitting, supine, standing); (5) free breathing with dynamic body position change (sitting, standing); (6) thoracoabdominal asynchrony of respiratory effort belts; and (7) subject-independent models with three different calibration methods.
Ten-fold cross-validation was applied in the subject-independent approach: data from measurements of nine subjects were used to train the prediction model and the testing of the model was done by using the data of one subject that was excluded from the training set. The average performance was finally calculated over all test subjects. Two tests were done: (1) free breathing with step 10 (training) and step 5 (testing); and (2) controlled breathing with step 8 (0.33 Hz breathing, training) and step 7 (0.15 Hz breathing, testing). An average was taken over all ten combinations in both tests. Results from these test cases are presented in Table 5. Proposed method with the N values 8 and 16 improve results greatly in both test cases. Especially the results from controlled breathing indicate radical improvements. In this case, the average of R2 values was negative for airflows predicted with the standard method, because in the most of those cases, error was so large that R2 received negative values. The relative RMSE decreased by 70.7% and 69.8% when comparing the predicted airflow produced with the standard method to that of produced with the N values of 8 and 16, respectively. Additionally, relative respiratory volume error and its standard deviation changed from 99.5 ± 51.3% (the standard method) to -0.2 ± 24.0% (N value of 8) and -1.2 ± 24.7% (N value of 16). Figure 6 depicts short segments of example signals. Calibration with the standard method produced much worse predicted airflow than with the proposed method.
Short segments of example signals from free breathing (upper) and controlled breathing (lower). Spirometer signals (black) and the predicted airflows (red: the standard method, blue: proposed method with N=8, green: proposed method with N=16). Predicted airflows are computed with the subject-independent model.
Bland-Altman plots from calibration with the free breathing style and with subject-independent model. Spirometer signal is on the horizontal axis and the prediction error signal is on the vertical axis. Prediction error signals are computed for the predicted airflows with the standard method (top), proposed method with N=8 (middle) and proposed method with N=16 (bottom).
We demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed other compared methods with the prediction of minute ventilation. More importantly, the proposed method improves greatly the accuracy of the airflow prediction over the conventionally used one. The results showed that the improvement of the prediction accuracy is significant when the volunteers breathed freely in a stable body position. More importantly, when the different breathing styles were used, the prediction accuracy improved even more. In both cases, the predicted airflow computed with the proposed method followed much more accurately the original spirometer signal than the standard method. Consequently, not only the respiratory volume can be computed more precisely, but also the respiratory flow signal waveforms are very accurate. This offers an excellent opportunity to use respiratory effort belts for long term breathing measurements and produce more accurate waveform of respiratory volume and flow signals. This improvement may be particularly useful in the fields of pulmonary and critical care medicine. 2b1af7f3a8