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Linux gaming refers to playing video games on a Linux operating system. Because many games are not natively supported for the Linux kernel, various software has been made to run Windows games, such as Wine, Cedega, and Proton, and managers such as Lutris and PlayOnLinux. The Linux gaming community has a presence on the internet with users who attempt to run games that are normally not supported on Linux. This includes a subreddit which has over 240k members as of January 2023.
Linux gaming started largely as an extension of the already present Unix gaming scene, with both systems sharing many similar titles. These games were either mostly original or clones of arcade games and text adventures. A notable example of this are the "BSD Games", a collection of interactive fiction and other text-mode titles.[1] The free software and open source methodologies which spawned the development of the operating system in general also spawned the creation of various early free games. Popular early titles included NetHack, Netrek, XBill, XEvil, xbattle, Xconq and XPilot. As the operating system itself grew and expanded, the amount of free and open-source games also increased in scale and complexity.[2]
The beginning of Linux as a gaming platform for commercial video games is widely credited to have begun in 1994 when Dave D. Taylor ported the game Doom to Linux, as well as many other systems, during his spare time.[3][4] From there he would also help found the development studio Crack dot Com, which released the video game Abuse, with the game's Linux port even being published by Linux vendor Red Hat.[5][6] id Software, the original developers of Doom, also continued to release their products for Linux. Their game Quake was ported to Linux in 1996, once again by Dave D. Taylor working in his free time.[7][8] Later id products continued to be ported by David Kirsch and Timothee Besset, a practice that continued until the studio's acquisition by ZeniMax Media in 2009.[9]
In 1991 DUX Software contracted Don Hopkins to port SimCity to Unix, which he later ported to Linux and eventually released as open source for the OLPC XO Laptop.[10] Other early commercial Linux games included Hopkins FBI, an adventure game released in 1998 by MP Entertainment,[11] and Inner Worlds in 1996, which was released for and developed on Linux.[12] In 1998, two programmers from Origin ported Ultima Online to Linux.[13] A website called The Linux Game Tome began to catalogue games created for or ported to Linux in 1995.[14]
On November 9, 1998, a new software firm called Loki Software was founded by Scott Draeker, a former lawyer who became interested in porting games to Linux after being introduced to the system through his work as a software licensing attorney.[17] Loki, although a commercial failure, is credited with the birth of the modern Linux game industry. Loki developed several free software tools, such as the Loki installer (also known as Loki Setup),[18] and supported the development of the Simple DirectMedia Layer, as well as starting the OpenAL audio library project.[19][20] These are still often credited as being the cornerstones of Linux game development.[21] They were also responsible for bringing nineteen high-profile games to the platform before its closure in 2002.
Loki's initial success also attracted other firms to invest in the Linux gaming market, such as Tribsoft, Hyperion Entertainment, Macmillan Digital Publishing USA, Titan Computer, Xatrix Entertainment, Philos Laboratories, and Vicarious Visions. During this time Michael Simms founded Tux Games, one of the first online Linux game retailers,[22] later followed by Fun 4 Tux,[23] Wupra,[24] and lastly Gameolith in 2011.[25]
The release of ScummVM in 2001,[26] Dosbox in 2002,[27] as well as video game console emulators like MAME from 1997 and released as open source in 2016, helped make Linux a viable platform for retro gaming (facilitated by the RetroArch frontend since 2010).[28][29] This is especially the case for dedicated emulation setups built on single-board computers like the Raspberry Pi released in 2012, which are most often Linux based including with Raspberry Pi OS.[30]
After Loki's closure, the Linux game market experienced some changes.[31] Although some new firms, such as Linux Game Publishing and RuneSoft, would largely continue the role of a standard porting house, the focus began to change with Linux game proponents encouraging game developers to port their game products themselves or through individual contractors.[32] Influential to this was Ryan C. Gordon, a former Loki employee who would over the next decade port several game titles to multiple platforms, including Linux.[33]
Around this time many companies, starting with id Software, also began to release legacy source code leading to a proliferation of source ports of older games to Linux and other systems. This also helped expand the already existing free and open-source gaming scene, especially with regards to the creation of free first person shooters.[34]
The company TransGaming marketed as a monthly subscription its own proprietary fork of Wine called WineX in October 2001, later renamed Cedega in 2004 and discontinued in 2011, which aimed for greater compatibility with Microsoft Windows games. Codeweavers also offered an enhanced version of Wine called CrossOver Games.[35][36] The reliance on such compatibility layers remains controversial with concerns that it hinders growth in native development,[37][38] although this approach was defended based on Loki's demise.[39][40] PlayOnLinux, established in 2007, provides a community implementation.[41]
The Linux gaming market also started to experience some growth towards the end of the decade with the rise of independent video game development, with many "indie" developers favouring support for multiple platforms.[42] The Humble Indie Bundle initiatives inaugurated in 2010 helped to formally demonstrate this trend, with Linux users representing a sizable population of their purchase base, as well as consistently being the most financially generous in terms of actual money spent.[43][44]
In 2009, the small indie game company Entourev LLC published Voltley to Linux which is the first commercial exclusive game for this operating system.[45][46] In the same year, LGP released Shadowgrounds which was the first commercial game for Linux using the Nvidia PhysX middleware.[47] The GamingOnLinux website was launched on July 4, 2009 and eventually succeeded LinuxGames as the main source of news and commentary.[48]
The release of a Linux version of Desura in 2011, a digital distribution platform with a primary focus on small independent developers, was heralded by several commentators as an important step to greater acknowledgement of Linux as a gaming platform.[42][49][50] Shortly before this, Canonical launched the Ubuntu Software Center which also sold digital games.[51]
In July 2012, game developer and content distributor Valve announced a port of their Source engine for Linux as well as stating their intention to release their Steam digital distribution service for Linux.[52][53][54] The potential availability of a Linux Steam client has already attracted other developers to consider porting their titles to Linux,[50][55][56][57] including previously Mac OS only porting houses such as Aspyr Media and Feral Interactive.[58]
In November 2012, Unity Technologies ported their Unity engine and game creation system to Linux starting with version 4. All of the games created with the Unity engine can now be ported to Linux easily.[59]
In September 2013 Valve announced that they were releasing a gaming oriented Linux based operating system called SteamOS with Valve saying they had "come to the conclusion that the environment best suited to delivering value to customers is an operating system built around Steam itself."[50][60] This was used for their Steam Machine platform released on November 10, 2015 and discontinued in 2018.[61]
In March 2014 GOG.com announced they would begin to support Linux titles on their DRM free store starting the same year, after previously stating they would not be able due to too many distributions.[62] GOG.com began their initial roll out on July 24, 2014, by offering 50 Linux supporting titles, including several new to the platform.[63]
Despite previous statements, GOG have confirmed they have no plans to port their Galaxy client to Linux.[64] The free software Lutris started in 2010,[65] GameHub from 2019,[66] MiniGalaxy from 2020,[67] and the Heroic Games Launcher from 2021,[68] offer support for GOG as well as the Epic Games Store, Ubisoft Connect and Origin.
Towards the end 2014 the game host itch.io announced that Linux would be supported with their developing open source game client.[71] This was fully launched simultaneously on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux on December 15, 2015.[72] The service had supported Linux since it was first unveiled on March 3, 2013, with creator Leaf Corcoran personally a Linux user.[73] The similar Game Jolt service also supports Linux and has an open source client released on January 13, 2016.[74][75] GamersGate also sells games for Linux.[76][77]
On August 22, 2018, Valve released their fork of Wine called Proton, aimed at gaming. It features some improvements over the vanilla Wine such as Vulkan-based DirectX 11 implementation, Steam integration, better full screen and game controller support and improved performance for multi-threaded games.[78] It has since grown to include support for DirectX 9[79] and DirectX 12[80] over Vulkan. The itch.io app added its own Wine integration in June 2020,[81] while Lutris and PlayOnLinux are long-standing independent solutions for compatibility wrappers.[82][83]
On February 25, 2022, Valve released Steam Deck, a handheld game console running SteamOS 3.0.[84][85] The deployment of Proton and other design decisions were based on the limited response to their previous Steam Machines.[86] 2b1af7f3a8